Ọnọdụ imegharị ihe nke polyurethane na China
1, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta nke polyurethane ga-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nsị kwa afọ, n'ihi na ọ dị ntakịrị na-etinye uche, dị mfe ịmegharị.Ọtụtụ osisi na-eji ụzọ imegharị anụ ahụ na kemịkal iji nwetaghachi na iji ihe mkpofu mee ihe.
2. Ihe mkpofu polyurethane nke ndị na-azụ ahịa na-eji emezigharịghị nke ọma.Enwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ polyurethane mkpofu na China, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nke a na-akpọkarị ọkụ na imegharị anụ ahụ.
3, enwere ọtụtụ mahadum na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ, kpebisiri ike na-achọ kemịkalụ polyurethane na teknụzụ imegharị ihe ndụ, bipụtara ụfọdụ nsonaazụ agụmakwụkwọ.Mana etinyere n'ime ngwa buru ibu nke ole na ole, Germany H&S bụ otu n'ime ha.
4, Nkewa mkpofu ụlọ nke China ka amalitela, na nhazi ikpeazụ nke ihe polyurethane dị ntakịrị, ọ na-esiri ụlọ ọrụ ike ịnọgide na-enweta polyurethane mkpofu maka imegharị na itinye n'ọrụ.Ihe mkpofu anaghị akwụsi ike na-eme ka o siere ụlọ ọrụ ike ịrụ ọrụ.
5. Enweghị ụkpụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ doro anya maka ịmegharị na ọgwụgwọ nke nnukwu ihe mkpofu.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwa akwa nke polyurethane, mkpuchi refrjiraeto, wdg, na nkwalite nke amụma na agbụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe nwere ike nweta nnukwu ego.
6, Huntsman chepụtara usoro iji megharịa karama plastik PET, mgbe ọtụtụ usoro nhazi siri ike, na ngalaba mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta ngwaahịa polyester polyol, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ruru 60% sitere na karama plastik PET megharịrị, na polyester. A na-eji polyol emepụta ihe polyurethane otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Huntsman nwere ike ịmegharị karama plastik 1 ijeri 500ml PET nke ọma kwa afọ, na n'ime afọ ise gara aga, a gbanwere karama plastik PET ijeri 5 ka ọ bụrụ tọn 130,000 nke ngwaahịa polyol maka mmepụta nke ihe mkpuchi polyurethane.
Nrụgharị anụ ahụ
Usoro a bụ teknụzụ eji emegharị ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.A na-atụgharị ụfụfụ polyurethane dị nro n'ime ọtụtụ centimita nke iberibe site na onye na-akụpịa ihe, a na-efesa ihe mkpuchi polyurethane na-emeghachi omume na igwekota.Adhesives ndị a na-ejikarị bụ ngwakọta nke ụfụfụ polyurethane ma ọ bụ njedebe NCO dabeere na prepolymer dabere na polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Mgbe a na-eji ihe nkwụnye nke dabeere na PAPI mee ihe maka njikọta na ịmepụta, a pụkwara iburu ngwakọta uzuoku n'ime ya. wee pịa ngwakọta ahụ.
Thermosetting polyurethane soft ụfụfụ na RIM polyurethane ngwaahịa nwere ụfọdụ ogo nke thermal nro plasticity na okpomọkụ nso nke 100-200 ℃.N'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu na nrụgide dị elu, polyurethane mkpofu nwere ike jikọta ọnụ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.Iji mee ka ngwaahịa ahụ emegharịrị bụrụ otu, a na-egwepịa ihe mkpofu mgbe ahụ wee kpoo ọkụ na nrụgide.
Enwere ike ịtụgharị ụfụfụ dị nro nke polyurethane ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mma site na obere okpomọkụ na-egweri ma ọ bụ na-egweri usoro, na a na-agbakwunye mgbasa nke ihe a na polyol, nke a na-eji na-emepụta ụfụfụ polyurethane ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, ọ bụghị nanị iji weghachite ihe mkpofu polyurethane, ma. nakwa iji belata ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa nke ọma.Ọdịnaya ntụ ntụ a kpụrụ akpụ na MDI dabere na oyi na-agwọ ụfụfụ polyurethane dị nro bụ naanị 15%, yana 25% ntụ ntụ nwere ike ịgbakwunye na ụfụfụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke TDI.
Nrụgharị kemịkalụ
Diol hydrolysis bụ otu n'ime ụzọ mgbake kemịkalụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe.Na ọnụnọ nke obere molekụla diols (dị ka ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol) na catalysts (tertiary amines, alcoholamine ma ọ bụ organometallic ogige), polyurethanes (foams, elastomers, RIM ngwaahịa, wdg) na-aṅụ mmanya na okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ka. 200 Celsius C ruo ọtụtụ awa iji nweta polyols emegharịrị.Enwere ike ịgwakọta polyols emegharịrị na polyols ọhụrụ maka imepụta ihe polyurethane.
Enwere ike ịtụgharị ụfụfụ polyurethane ka ọ bụrụ polyols dị nro nke mbụ na polyols siri ike site na amination.Amolysis bụ usoro nke ụfụfụ polyurethane na-emeghachi omume na amines n'oge nrụgide na kpo oku.Amines eji eme ihe gụnyere dibutylamine, ethanolamine, lactam ma ọ bụ lactam admixture, na mmeghachi omume nwere ike ime na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 150 Celsius C. Ngwaahịa ikpeazụ anaghị achọ ka ọ dị ọcha nke ụfụfụ polyurethane a kwadebere ozugbo ma nwee ike dochie kpamkpam polyurethane a kwadebere site na mbụ. polyol.
Dow Chemical ewebatala usoro mgbake kemịkalụ amine hydrolysis.Usoro ahụ nwere usoro abụọ: polyurethane mkpofu na-emebi n'ime nnukwu ịta ahụhụ gbasasịrị aminoester, urea, amine na polyol site na alkylolamine na catalyst;Mgbe ahụ, a na-eme mmeghachi omume alkylation iji wepụ amines aromatic na ihe a na-enwetaghachi, a na-enwetakwa polyols nwere arụmọrụ dị mma na agba ọkụ.Usoro a nwere ike nwetaghachi ọtụtụ ụdị ụfụfụ polyurethane, na polyol ahụ enwetara nwere ike iji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị ihe polyurethane.Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejikwa usoro imegharị kemịkalụ iji nweta polyols emegharịrị site na akụkụ RRIM, nke enwere ike ijikwa mee ka akụkụ RIM dịkwuo elu ruo 30%.
Usoro Hydrolysis - Enwere ike iji sodium hydroxide mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta polyurethane dị nro na ihe siri ike iji mepụta polyols na amine intermediates, nke a na-eji dị ka ihe eji emegharị ihe.
Alkalolysis: A na-eji polyether na alkali metal hydroxide mee ihe dị ka ihe na-emebi emebi, a na-ewepụkwa carbonates mgbe ụfụfụ gasịrị iji nwetaghachi polyols na diamines aromatic.
Usoro nke ijikọ alcoholysis na amolysis - polyether polyol, potassium hydroxide na diamine na-eji dị ka decompositions, na carbonate solids na-ewepụ iji nweta polyether polyol na diamine.A pụghị ikewapụ ire ere nke ihe ọkụkụ siri ike, ma polyether nke enwetara site na mmeghachi omume nke propylene oxide nwere ike iji mee ihe ozugbo iji mee ihe siri ike.Uru nke usoro a bụ ala decomposition okpomọkụ (60 ~ 160 ℃), obere oge na nnukwu ego nke ire ere ụfụfụ.
Usoro ihe ọṅụṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya - polyether polyols na halogenated phosphate ester dị ka ndị na-ere ere, ngwaahịa decomposition bụ polyether polyols na ammonium phosphate siri ike, nkewa dị mfe.
Reqra, ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe na German, na-akwalite teknụzụ imegharị ihe mkpofu polyurethane dị ọnụ ala maka ịmegharị ihe mkpofu akpụkpọ ụkwụ polyurethane.N'ime teknụzụ imegharị ihe a, a na-ebu ụzọ gwerie ihe mkpofu ahụ n'ime irighiri ihe dị 10mm, na-ekpo ọkụ na reactor na ihe nkesa ka ọ na-agbaze, ma mesịa nwetaghachi ya iji nweta polyols mmiri mmiri.
Usoro ire ere phenol - Japan ga-emebi ụfụfụ polyurethane dị nro gbajiri agbaji ma gwakọta ya na phenol, kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, njikọ carbamate gbajiri, jikọtara ya na ìgwè phenol hydroxyl, wee meghachi omume na formaldehyde iji mepụta resin phenolic, tinye hexamethylenetetramine iji mee ka ọ sie ike, enwere ike ịme ya. kwadebere ya na ike dị mma na ike siri ike, ezigbo ngwaahịa na-eguzogide okpomọkụ phenolic resin.
Pyrolysis - polyurethane dị nro egosipụta nwere ike imebi na okpomọkụ dị elu n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku ma ọ bụ anaerobic iji nweta ihe mmanu mmanu, na polyols nwere ike nweta site na nkewa.
Okpomọkụ mgbake na ọgwụgwọ mkpofu
Ịweghachi ume site na mkpofu polyurethane bụ nkà na ụzụ na-emekọ ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba.The American Polyurethane Recycling Board na-eme nnwale nke a na-etinye 20% nke ụfụfụ polyurethane dị nro na-ekpofu ihe na ihe mkpofu siri ike.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ntụ ntụ na ihe ndị na-ekupụ ka dị n'ime ihe achọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi, na okpomọkụ ewepụtara mgbe agbakwunyere ụfụfụ mkpofu nke ukwuu zọpụtara oriri nke mmanụ ọkụ.Na Europe, mba ndị dị ka Sweden, Switzerland, Germany na Denmark na-anwalekwa teknụzụ ndị na-eji ike enwetara site na nsị nke ihe mkpofu nke polyurethane iji nye ọkụ eletrik na ikpo ọkụ.
Enwere ike ịkụnye ụfụfụ polyurethane ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ naanị ya ma ọ bụ na plastik ndị ọzọ na-efunahụ, iji dochie ezigbo unyi ntụ ntụ ma kpọọ ọkụ n'ime ọkụ iji nwetaghachi ike okpomọkụ.Enwere ike imezi arụmọrụ combustion nke fatịlaịza polyurethane site na micropowder.
Na enweghị oxygen, okpomọkụ dị elu, nrụgide dị elu na ihe na-akpali akpali, ụfụfụ polyurethane dị nro na elastomers nwere ike imebi okpomọkụ iji nweta gas na ngwaahịa mmanụ.Mmanụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi na ya pụta nwere ụfọdụ polyols, nke a na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha ma nwee ike iji ya dị ka nri nri, mana a na-ejikarị ya dị ka mmanụ mmanụ.Usoro a dabara adaba maka ịmegharị ihe mkpofu agwakọta na plastik ndị ọzọ.Otú ọ dị, ire ere nke polima nitrogen dị ka ụfụfụ polyurethane nwere ike imebi ihe na-akpata ya.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anabatabeghị usoro a n'ọtụtụ ebe.
Ebe ọ bụ na polyurethane bụ polymer nke nwere nitrogen, n'agbanyeghị usoro mgbake combustion a na-eji, a ghaghị iji ọnọdụ combustion kachasị mma iji belata ọgbọ nke nitrogen oxides na amines.Ọkụ ọkụ dị mkpa ka ejiri ngwaọrụ ọgwụgwọ gas iyuzucha kwesịrị ekwesị.
A na-ekpofu nnukwu mkpofu ụfụfụ polyurethane ugbu a n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa.Enweghị ike ịmegharị ụfọdụ ụfụfụ, dị ka ụfụfụ polyurethane ejiri mee ihe dị ka akwa mkpụrụ.Dị ka plastik ndị ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ ga-agbakọta ka oge na-aga, enwere nrụgide na gburugburu ebe obibi.Iji mebie ihe mkpofu polyurethane nke ala n'okpuru ọnọdụ okike, ndị mmadụ amalitela ịmepụta resin polyurethane biodegradable.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụrụ ndụ polyurethane nwere carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin ma ọ bụ polycaprolactone na ogige ndị ọzọ nwere ike imebi.
Ọganihu imegharị ihe
Na 2011, ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum Yale mere akụkọ akụkọ mgbe ha chọpụtara ero a na-akpọ Pestalotiopsis microspora na Ecuador.ero ahụ nwere ike ịgbari ma gbajie plastik polyurethane, ọbụlagodi na ikuku ikuku (anaerobic), nke nwere ike ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ala ala.
Ọ bụ ezie na prọfesọ nke duziri njem nlegharị anya nyocha ahụ dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ịtụ anya ihe dị ukwuu site na nchoputa ahụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi, ọ dịghị ịgọnarị mmasị nke echiche nke ngwa ngwa, dị ọcha, n'akụkụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na ụzọ dị mma iji kpofuo ihe mkpofu plastik. .
Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, onye mmebe Katharina Unger nke LIVIN Studio jikọrọ aka na ngalaba microbiology nke Mahadum Utrecht iji malite ọrụ a na-akpọ Fungi Mutarium.
Ha na-eji mycelium (akụkụ ahịrị, akụkụ na-edozi ahụ nke mushrooms) nke mushrooms abụọ a na-erikarị, gụnyere oyster mushrooms na schizophylla.N'ime ọtụtụ ọnwa, ero ahụ mebiri ihe mkpofu rọba kpamkpam ka ọ na-etokarị n'akụkụ osisi AGAR oriri.N'ụzọ doro anya, plastik na-aghọ nri maka mycelium.
Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na nke a.Na 2017, Sehroon Khan, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na World Agroforestry Center, na ndị otu ya chọtara ero ọzọ na-emebi emebi plastik, Aspergillus tubingensis, na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Islamabad, Pakistan.
Ero nwere ike itolite n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na polyester polyurethane n'ime ọnwa abụọ wee gbarie ya n'ime obere iberibe.
Otu otu na Mahadum Illinois, nke Prọfesọ Steven Zimmerman na-eduzi, emepụtala ụzọ isi mebie ihe mkpofu polyurethane ma gbanwee ya na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ bara uru.
Nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ Ephraim Morado nwere olile anya idozi nsogbu nke mkpofu polyurethane site na iji kemịkal na-emegharị polymers.Otú ọ dị, polyurethane kwụsiri ike nke ukwuu ma mee ya site na ihe abụọ siri ike ịkụda: isocyanates na polyols.
Polyols bụ isi n'ihi na a na-esite na mmanụ ala na-adịghị eweda ya ngwa ngwa.Iji gbanarị ihe isi ike a, ndị otu ahụ nakweere otu kemịkalụ acetal nke na-adị mfe emebi emebi na mmiri na-agbaze.Enwere ike iji ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi nke polymer gbazere nwere trichloroacetic acid na dichloromethane n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ iji mepụta ihe ọhụrụ.Dị ka ihe akaebe nke echiche, Morado nwere ike ịtụgharị elastomers, nke a na-ejikarị na nkwakọ ngwaahịa na akụkụ ụgbọ ala, n'ime adhesives.
Mana nnukwu ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro mgbake ọhụrụ a bụ ọnụ ahịa na nsi nke akụrụngwa eji eme mmeghachi omume ahụ.Ya mere, ndị nchọpụta na-agbalị ugbu a ịchọta ụzọ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala iji nweta otu usoro ahụ site na iji ihe mgbaze dị nro (dịka mmanya) maka mmebi.
Ụfọdụ mgbalị ụlọ ọrụ
1. PURESmart atụmatụ nyocha
2. FOAM2FOAM oru ngo
3. Tenglong Brilliant: Ntugharị ihe mkpuchi polyurethane maka ihe ụlọ na-apụta.
4. Adidas: Akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-agba ọsọ nke nwere ike ịmegharị kpamkpam
5. Salomon: Ịmegharị snịịka TPU zuru ezu iji mee akpụkpọ ụkwụ ski
6. Cosi: Chuang na-arụkọ ọrụ na Kọmitii Ntugharị Matraasi iji kwalite akụ na ụba okirikiri
7. German H & S Company: Polyurethane foam alcoholysis technology maka imepụta ogbo mattresses
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-30-2023